杏仁核，Amygdala，或叫杏仁体，Amygdaloid body，左右各一，形似杏仁（Almond，扁桃树的果仁）。杏仁核属于大脑内部的基底核（Basal ganglia）。位于颞叶海马的更深面，部分与尾状核尾相连。杏仁核是边缘系统（the limbic system）的皮质下中枢部分，与行为、情绪、记忆等有关。

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The amygdala is a complex structure of cells nestled in the middle of the brain, a roughly almond-shaped mass of gray matter inside each cerebral hemisphere, adjacent to the hippocampus (which is associated with memory formation). It is part of the limbic system and plays a key role in processing emotions and emotional reactions.

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杏仁核的解剖位置

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杏仁核（amygdala），位于前颞叶背内侧部，海马体（hippocampus）和侧脑室下角顶端稍前处。主要通过外侧嗅纹、终纹和腹侧杏仁传出通路，与额叶内侧、眶额回、隔区、无名质、视前区、海马体、下丘脑、丘脑、纹状体、颞盖皮质、岛盖皮质、顶盖皮质、颞极、运动皮质及脑干网状结构等有双向交互联系。

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杏仁核是大脑基底神经核的一个重要核团，为边缘系统的组成部分，软件开发价格含有13个大小不等的核团。按照其位置与功能分为基底外侧核群、皮质内侧核群、杏仁前区和皮质杏仁移行区4部分。

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杏仁核的神经网络杏仁核的传入纤维主要起始于嗅球（Olfactory bulb）及嗅前核、基底前脑Meynert核的胆碱能神经元、脑干、中脑脚间核、臂旁核、脑桥蓝斑（Locus Coeruleus）、中脑中缝核（Nucleus Raphe mediale）及腹侧背盖、下丘脑的腹内侧核（The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus）、丘脑中线核群及丘脑腹后内侧核（Ventroposteromedial nucleus of thalamus）等。

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杏仁核的大部分传出纤维与传入纤维呈往返联系，一般认为杏仁核通过两条路径传出信号：终纹通路（stria terminalis），起自皮质内侧核，呈弓形弯于尾核内侧缘与丘脑之间，向前终止于终纹核（stria terminalis）、下丘脑（尤其是室旁核、视上核）、视前区及隔核；腹侧杏仁核传出径路（ventral amygdalofugal pathway）主要起自基底外侧核，纤维多且散在，有些向内侧止于终纹床核的内侧部；有些向前止于视前区、下丘脑（腹内侧核）、丘脑背内侧核，继而到额前皮质及其他皮质联络区。此外，杏仁核内部还有十分复杂的固有纤维联系。

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杏仁核的影像解剖

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（labeled in blue）

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The amygdala is a very well studied part of the limbic system and forms part of the mesial temporal lobe. The amygdala is a complex grey matter structure located anterior and superior to the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle and head of the hippocampus. The anterior extension of the amygdala is identified by the entorhinal sulcus.

Both the amygdala and the hippocampus are derived from the telencephalon. In 1997, Gloor classified the amygdala into three large groups of nuclei: basolateral,corticomedial (phylogenetically the oldest), central group.

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（Amygdalar enlargement in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy）

杏仁核的生理功能

When we perceive something threatening, the thalamus sends sensory information tothe amygdala, which triggers a fear response. The amygdala activates thesympathetic nervous system, initiating our fight-or-flight reaction. It also signals the hippocampus to store memories of the fearful event so we can avoid similar threats in the future.

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Memory Formation

An area in which the amygdala is most prominent is the formation of memories, especially those that are emotional.

As the amygdala is remarkably close to, and forms connections with the hippocampus (a memory structure of the brain), these two often work together to make memories more memorable.

Emotion Learning

The amygdala plays a distinctive role in mediating many aspects of emotional learning as well as emotional behavior. An emotion the amygdala is particularly responsible for is controlling fear.

Aggression

The amygdala is the most important part of the limbic system for many emotions, including aggression.

Fear

The amygdala’s role in psychopathy has been a major topic of study in neuroscience for many years. Historically, the amygdala was believed to be the “fear center” of the brain, responsible for experiences and behaviors related to fear (Kiehl, 2006).

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